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To build the BIG_TABLE table, you can run the following script at the SQL*Plus prompt and pass in the number of rows you want in the table. The script will stop when it hits that number of rows. create table big_table as select rownum id, a.* from all_objects a where 1=0 / alter table big_table nologging; declare l_cnt number; l_rows number := &1; begin insert /*+ append */

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into big_table select rownum, a.* from all_objects a where rownum <= &1; l_cnt := sql%rowcount; commit; while (l_cnt < l_rows) loop insert /*+ APPEND */ into big_table select rownum+l_cnt, OWNER, OBJECT_NAME, SUBOBJECT_NAME, OBJECT_ID, DATA_OBJECT_ID, OBJECT_TYPE, CREATED, LAST_DDL_TIME, TIMESTAMP, STATUS, TEMPORARY, GENERATED, SECONDARY, NAMESPACE, EDITION_NAME from big_table where rownum <= l_rows-l_cnt; l_cnt := l_cnt + sql%rowcount; commit; end loop; end; / alter table big_table add constraint big_table_pk primary key(id); exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats( user, 'BIG_TABLE', estimate_percent=> 1); I estimated baseline statistics on the table. The index associated with the primary key will have statistics computed automatically when it is created.

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The one coding convention I use in this book that I would like to point out is how I name variables in PL/SQL code. For example, consider a package body like this: create or replace package body my_pkg as g_variable varchar2(25); procedure p( p_variable in varchar2 ) is l_variable varchar2(25); begin null; end; end; / Here I have three variables: a global package variable, G_VARIABLE; a formal parameter to the procedure, P_VARIABLE; and a local variable, L_VARIABLE. I name my variables after the scope they are contained in. All globals begin with G_, parameters with P_, and local variables with L_. The main reason

So, we had nine sessions inside of a tight loop initiate many transactions The runsh script waited for the nine SQL*Plus sessions to complete their work, and then we returned to our session, the one with the open cursor Upon attempting to print it out, we observe the following: ops$tkyte%ORA11GR2> print x ERROR: ORA-01555: snapshot too old: rollback segment number 46 with name "_SYSSMU46_3120759822$" too small no rows selected As I said, the preceding is a rare case It took a lot of conditions, all of which must exist simultaneously to occur We needed blocks that were in need of a cleanout to exist, and these blocks are rare in Oracle8i and above.

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A DBMS_STATS call to collect statistics gets rid of them so the most common causes large mass updates and bulk loads should not be a concern, since the tables need to be analyzed after such operations anyway Most transactions tend to touch less than 10 percent of the blocks in the buffer cache; hence, they do not generate blocks that need to be cleaned out If you believe you ve encountered this issue, in which a SELECT against a table that has no other DML applied to it is raising the ORA-01555 error, try the following solutions: Ensure you are using right-sized transactions in the first place Make sure you are not committing more frequently than you should Use DBMS_STATS to scan the related objects, cleaning them out after the load.

Since the block cleanout is the result of a very large mass UPDATE or INSERT, this needs to be done anyway Allow the undo tablespace to grow by giving it the room to extend and increasing the undo retention This decreases the likelihood of an undo segment transaction table slot being overwritten during the course of your long-running query This is the same as the solution for the other cause of an ORA-01555 error (the two are very much related; you experience undo segment reuse during the processing of your query) In fact, I reran the preceding example with the undo tablespace set to autoextend 1MB at a time, with an undo retention of 900 seconds The query against the table BIG completed successfully Reduce the runtime of your query tune it This is always good if possible, so it might be the first thing you try..

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